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| Ptolemy's name,
which appears in the Rosetta Stone's Greek text (read
text) as Ptolemaios,
was the first word recognized in hieroglyphics (see the two
encircled words above). But early attempts to interpret its
eight symbols were stymied by the traditional belief that all
hieroglyphics could be translated as pictures of words. Even
after English scientist, Thomas Young, assigned sound values
to several symbols, Champollion held to the belief that the
lion symbolized the Greek word for war
--p(t)olemos--anagrammed in the word Ptolemaios.
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Champollion, finally deciding that
Ptolemy might be read phonetically, patiently reconstructed
the name, sound by sound, from the Greek and Coptic into
demotic, then into an earlier hieratic script and finally into
hieroglyphics. It came out p-t-o-l-m-y-s, or Ptolmis, and
could be spelled both right-to-left and in other directions.
This discovery opened his eyes to the rest of the hieroglyphic
text on the Rosetta Stone.
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The
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Badagry,
Nigeria -- Slave Trade History
Historical
Timeline
of Ancient Egypt
Joseph,
Egypt
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Tutankhamen
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Ancient
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Map
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Text
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The
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Rosetta
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Ancient
Nubia
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Hieroglyphic,
[Gr.,=priestly carving], type of writing used in
ancient Egypt. Similar pictographic styles of Crete,
Asia Minor, and Central America and Mexico are also
called hieroglyphics. Interpretation of Egyptian
hieroglyphics, begun by J.F. CHAMPOLLION, is
virtually complete; the other hieroglyphics are
still imperfectly understood. Hieroglyphics are
conventionalized pictures used chiefly to represent
meanings that seem arbitrary and are seldom obvious.
Egyptian hieroglyphics were already perfected in the
first dynasty (3110-2884 B.C.), but they began to go
out of use in the Middle Kingdom and after 500 B.C.
were virtually unused. There were basically 604
symbols that might be put to three uses (although
few were used for all three purposes): as an
ideogram, as when a sign resembling a tree meant
"tree"; as a phonogram, as when an owl
represented the sign m, because the word for owl had
m as its principal consonant; or as a determinative,
an unpronounced symbol placed after an ambiguous
sign to indicate its classification (e.g., an eye to
indicate that the preceding word has to do with
looking or seeing). The phonograms provided a basis
for the development of the alphabet.
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In 1822, a copy of the
inscription from an obelisk at Philae, excavated seven years
earlier, was made available to Champollion. He was stunned
to see confirmed in its hieroglyphics a name he had
reconstructed many times from a demotic papyrus: the
cartouche of Cleopatra.
The Rosetta Stone (below)
resides at the British Museum in London.
Important Egyptian
Discoveries Relating to the Bible
- Rosetta Stone discovered
in 1799. This led to the decipherment of Egyptian
hieroglyphics.
- Merneptah's Stele. First
mention of "Israel" in Egyptian texts. Stele dates to
about 1210 BC.
- Amarna Letters (14th
century BC). Letters written from Canaanite scribes in
Akkadian to king Akhenaten about the conditions in Canaan,
especially the troublesome Hapiru which probably refers to
the Hebrews.
- Inscriptions at Karnak.
Karnak is the largest temple complex in the world. There
also may be the earliest depiction of the Israelites.
- Mortuary Temple of Rameses
III at Medinet Habu. It depicts the battle with the
Sea People. One of the five groups of Sea Peoples was the
Philistines. There are carvings of what the Philistines
looked like.
Important Egyptian
Texts Relating to the Bible
- Tale of Two brothers.
This story is similar to the story of Joseph in Genesis
when he is tempted.
- Seven Lean Years Tradition in
the time of Djoser. Similar to the seven years of lean
in the story of Joseph.
- Sinuhe's Story. Tells of
his time in Canaan.
- Wenamun's Journey. Tells
of his trip to Byblos in Canaan.
- Amenemope's Wisdom.
Similar to Proverbs 22:17-24:22.
- Hymn to Aten which
parallels Psalm 104.
- Elephantine Papyri.
Letters from Jewish exile.
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