An "International Town Well" for Black Churches -- Connecting, Communicating
Inspirational Stories and Sharing Creative Resources for Global Missions.
 

Whenever a church decides to send a mission team to another country, there is always the question --
"But why are we sending a mission team to another part of the world when there
are crack addicts and other dire needs within a square mile of our own church?"

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"I have but one candle of life to burn, and I would rather burn it out in a land
filled with darkness than in a land flooded with light" -- John Keith Falconer
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~ Rich History of African American Involvement in Global Missions ~

- Historic Hindrances to African American Involvement in Global Missions -

   Slavery. Civil War. Reconstruction / Fight for Civil Rights / Racial Disturbances. Mission Boards not Sponsoring Black Missionaries. Jim Crow. Migration of 5.6 Million Blacks to the North. Great Depression (Blacks Hired Last, Fired First). Recession...

  There have been many reasons why more African Americans have not been historically involved in world missions. America's Black church has been focused upon its own quest for liberty and justice.

   By the way, did you know that the largest church in Europe was started and is pastored by a man of African descent from Nigeria? Pastor Sunday Adelaja (Kiev, Ukraine, 25,000+ members, 99.9% White members). Their web site is linked below...

- 10/40 Window -

   The 10/40 Window refers to the area of the world between latitudes 10 degrees and 40 degrees north of the equator (see map below) covering North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Many of the world’s least-reached people live in this area, most of darker hue of skin.

  The Physical Need in the 10/40 Window . . .

...There are over 400 mega cities (cities with more than 1 million people) in the world today.  300 of these cities lie within the Window.
...The Window contains the majority of the world's least evangelized mega cities.  Of the top 50 cities on this list, all 50 cities are in the 10/40 Window.
...More than 97% out the poorest of the poor live in the Window.
...On average, people living in the 10/40 Window exist on less than $500 per person per year.  

"What could be worse than being born without sight? Being born with sight and no vision." Helen Keller
 

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Feel free to share this link with other churches involved in Intercultural Missions.

Black Christianity 1619-1895: Christian History Timeline
(below -- at bottom of page)
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Own a full-size, 3D replica of the famous Rosetta Stone

An even-handed definition and critique of both Afrocentrism and Eurocentrism.
"Confessions of a Budding Truthcentrist"

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D I D   Y O U   K N O W ?
"Since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses..." Hebrews 12:1

~ Let's take a look at some of the folks cheering us on at this moment ~

1581 -- Peter Claver was born. From Verdu in Catalonia, Spain Claver became known as "Slave of the Blacks" and "Slave of the Slaves" because of his untiring evangelistic outreach to those in bondage. A farmer's son, he studied at the University of Barcelona and, at age 20, became a Jesuit priest. Influenced by Saint Alphonsus Rodriguez, Claver went to South America as a missionary. He ministered to slaves physically and spiritually when they arrived in Cartegena, Colombia, converting an estimated 300,000. For 40 years he worked for humane treatment on American plantations. Claver organized charitable societies among the Spanish in America similar to those organized in Europe by Vincent de Paul. Claver said of the slaves, "We must speak to them with our hands by giving, before we try to speak to them with our lips." Peter Claver died on September 8, 1654 at Cartegena, Colombia -- of natural causes.
1797 -- Birth of John Day, a "free person of color" who emigrated to Liberia in 1830 as a participant in the American Colonization Movement. In 1836 he became a missionary for the Triennial Convention of the American Baptists.
1823 -- Betsey Stockton, a young black woman in company with 13 white missionaries, was on board a ship rounding the southern tip of South America. The missionaries were on their way to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii). They had left New Haven, Connecticut in November, sent out by the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, an agency at the forefront of American Protestantism's burgeoning interest in foreign missions. Betsey Stockton was in the second group of missionaries to go to Hawaii, the first having arrived two years before. The trip took five months by sea with no stopovers. Like others on board, Stockton kept a journal of the voyage and of her first couple of months in Hawaii.
1840 -- George Brown, who established the Heddington mission station in Liberia, reports organizing a church among the Pessah people as a result of converting two kings -- Baopgo and Peter along with 34 of their people after a "God-palaver."
1847 -- African-American Robert Hill had been appointed to accompany some white missionaries to Africa for the purpose of assisting them. On December 17, 1846, they had sailed for the coast of Africa, from Providence, Rhode Island. On this day, February 8, they arrived in Monrovia, Liberia.

King Leopold II

1885 -- In the 1880s, as the European powers were carving up Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium seized for himself the vast and mostly unexplored territory surrounding the Congo River. Carrying out a genocidal plundering of the Congo, he looted its rubber, brutalized its people, and ultimately slashed its population by ten million--all the while shrewdly cultivating his reputation as a great humanitarian. Two courageous black Americans, George Washington Williams (Baptist minister, lawyer, member of Ohio Legislature) and William Sheppard (missionary), risked much to bring evidence of the Congo atrocities to the outside world.

THE BIBLE: Ask Harriet Tubman how she was inspired by Bible history in her fight against slavery. Nat Turner was inspired by  Bible history to launch his rebellion against slavery. Many others were inspired by Bible history, including: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Marcus Garvey, Prince Hall, Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Dr. John Porter, Gabriel Prosser, George Washington Carver, Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Paul Bogle, and countless others...

-- Feel free to review the Bibliography and Philosophy on Global Missions.
 

-- 1. -- Boston Recorder (April 14, 1821) -- Liberia Mission. "Lott Carey, and Collin Teague, two colored men, preachers, with their families, sailed from Norfolk in January last, in the brig Nautilus with their Bibles, and utensils for necessary labor. The Baptist Board supplied them with many articles of convenience and comfort, and provisions were supplied by government."

-- Rare February 19, 1829 newspaper, Boston Recorder about the death of African American missionary, Lott Carey. Title of Article: News From Liberia. "We learn from a vessel arrived in port yesterday from Liberia, (the Am. colony on the coast of Africa,) that a French vessel being cruising off that place in quest of slaves, the authorities were making preparation to attack her, & in preparing cartridges for that purpose, fire accidentally communicated to the ammunition, which exploded. The Gov. (Lott Carey) with several principal men of the place were killed, & most of the town was destroyed." -- Another Bristol (England) paper of the same day gives the account thus: "On the 18th Nov. last, an expedition was preparing by the American settlers at that place, to destroy a French slave ship and factory at Digby, a place abut 30 miles distant. when, during the night, the magazine in which they were making cartridges, blew up, and horrible to relate, Mr Lott Carey, the Governor, and nine of his people were destroyed...Lott Carey was a worthy and useful Baptist preacher, himself a colored man; and when the lamented Ashmun returned to this country, he left the colony in charge of Carey, as acting Governor. Dr Randall has gone out to succeed Ashmun; but he could not have arrived at the time of the disaster."

-- -- BACKGROUND ON LOTT CAREY: Carey was a pioneer missionary to Africa. Born a slave in Virginia, he was converted to Christianity while working in Richmond. He purchased his freedom, became first a lay exhorter and then a licensed Baptist preacher. He went to Liberia in the 1820s as one of the first American missionaries to that continent and one of the founders of that nation.
--  Background on Jehudi Ashmun was an American agent who headed the Liberian colony from 1822-1828. Jehudi was a native of Champlain, New York. His wife died shortly after their arrival in Monrovia in 1822; and he died on August 25, 1828, at the age of 35, and was buried in New Haven, Connecticut. It was the African "fever", malaria or yellow fever that killed Ashmun and his wife.

-- "Sabbath School Teachers' Second Book, Containing a Harmony of the Four Gospels and Questions on the History, Miracles, Discourses and Parables of our Lord, With Explanations of the Most Difficult Parts of the Text." by Rev. J.J. Matthias. New York: B. Waugh and T. Mason for the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1832 Hardcover, 3-1/2" x 5-1/4", 234 pp. A rare Sunday school lesson book from 1832, written by Reverend J.J. Matthias and published for the Sunday School Youth Library of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Includes double page map in rear of book of "Countries mentioned by Moses".
BACKGROUND: Rev. J.J. Matthias was a Methodist Episcopal minister of the Philadelphia conference, who served as Governor of Bassa Cove during the 19th century African colonization. In 1837, the Rev JJ Matthias, a Superannuated Minister of the Philadelphia Conference of the M.E. Church, was appointed Governor of the settlement of Bassa Cove, Liberia by the Colonization Society, and came to Liberia in the schooner "Charlotte Harper."  In the same vessel, besides the Governor's family, consisting of Mrs. Matthias and Miss Annesley, Dr. Johnson, of Kingston, N.Y., came out as physician for the same place; Dr. S.M.E. Gokeen, missionary physician of the M.E. Church, and two female teachers, Miss Ann Wilkins and Miss L.A. Beers.  After spending some time at Monrovia, Governor Matthias and family and Dr. Johnson went down to the Cove, and were soon settled.  Mr. Matthias proved a thoroughgoing, efficient and successful Governor.  The people loved and esteemed him.  Though a minister, and a good and holy man, yet he organized and kept up a well-trained little regiment of brave soldiers, reviewed them himself every month, and such a display and demonstration as they made most effectually prevented the natives from attempting any hostilities.  There was no war in Governor Matthias's day.

    Mr. and Mrs. Payne (most probably Bishop Daniel A. Payne, 1811-1867) are now in America. Mr. and Mrs. Perkins are about to sail with Capt. Lawlin. The harvest is still plentiful, but the laborers are few. The Presbyterian missionaries are pretty well I believe. Mrs. Altruior (sp?) is about to return to America. Mr. Wilson and Lady have just returned from a trip down the coast. In your last letter you wished to know if I had even seen a deaf and dumb person in this country. I have not even heard of and when I mentioned it to the natives they seemed surprised. Since I commenced writing a large  ?  ?  was brought into the yard. I should suppose him to be upwards of 50 years old. He was shot by one of the colonists not far from Mt. Vaughan. He would be quite a curiosity to you all. I wish your children could see it. It is now rice season with us. The natives have cultivated an abundance of rice. The second rainy season has just commenced which generally lasts about two months. We have much more dry weather than they have in Monrovia. I shall be happy to hear from you and family. My best regards to them. I request an interest in your prayers that I may be faithful to my charge. Your humble servant, E. M. Thomson

    Francis Burn's first appointment was as a teacher at Cape Palmas. He joined the Liberia mission conference in 1838, and from 1840 till 1842 was an assistant on the Bassa circuit. During 1843 and the early part of 1844 he was engaged at Monrovia, but sailed for the United States, and was ordained deacon in Brooklyn, New York, 16 June, and, later on the same day, crossed over to New York and was ordained elder in the Mulberry street church, Bishop Janes officiating. In the same year he returned to Liberia. The next session of the conference appointed him presiding elder of the Cape Palmas district. In 1851, by order of the missionary board, he was detailed to open an academy at Monrovia and superintend the mission there. In 1858 he visited the United States and was ordained missionary bishop at Perry, Wyoming County, New York, Bishops Janes and Baker officiating. Almost immediately he returned to Africa, and labored there for five years until his health failed, he returned to the United States by the advice of a physician, and died shortly afterward. This image was published in an American Methodist religious and literary journal in 1859. It is in excellent condition and shows Bishop Burns in formal dress, coat and tie. The portrait was engraved by J.C. Buttre from an ambrotype photograph taken by Mathew Brady, one of the best-known early American photographers, celebrated for his portraits of politicians and for his photographs of the American Civil War. The engraving is accompanied by several pages of text describing the life and career of Rev. Burns and describing his mission in Africa. These old prints are renowned for their detail as well as their historical accuracy.

-- Boston Recorder (December 16, 1829) -- Long article about the Mission to Africa, "..proceeded to present a brief outline of the facts respecting the Colony in Liberia. Its original design under the patronage of the American Colonization Society was to locate a settlement of free blacks from the United States, who should be assisted in establishing a civil government of their own choice, and whose influence should be extended to counteract and destroy the odious traffic in slaves. It was commenced about ten years since, and although a considerable loss of life has been sustained by those who have emigrated from our shores, it has been far less than the mortality in our other new colonies, and much less than took place in the settlements in our own country, at James Town in Virginia, and at Plymouth in Massachusetts. It was in reference to the Colony in Africa that the lamented young man, Samuel J. Mills, lost his life about eleven years since; and to him, as having originated this mission, is the Christian world much indebted. Amongth (sic) those who fell a sacrifice in this enterprise was the amiable and judicious Ashmun, who in giving life and form & system to the polity of Liberia, has left an imperishable name. His successor, after a short career, has also deceased. It is, however, hoped, said Mr. Evarts, that by avoiding the same customs, and exposure to the climate, which the  lessons of experience had taught to be hazardous, the lives of future emigrants may be prolonged..."

Dr. Freeman being interviewed on Canadian TV about
The Freeman Institute Black History collection & the Gallery Project

Dr. Freeman's e-mail address is: joel@freemaninstitute.com . You may log-on to
FreemanInstitute.com or BlackHistoryCollection.com or TFIfoundation.org
or BlackHistoryGallery.com to find out more about the projects.
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--4. Scarce copy of "The New York Missionary Magazine & Repository of Religious Intelligence" (1801). Very early published reports of missionary activity in America. Published by Cornelius Davis, New York City, 1801. The New York Missionary magazine was the first appearance of Missionary information and reports published in the New Country, America. This is a bound run of Volume II, the second year, of the New York Missionary Magazine. Contains all sorts of reports on missionaries and their works in the Americas and around the world. Includes reports relating to American Indians, the decaying of morals in America (this in 1801!), reports on Females and Female Asylums, the Debate about Sending Missionaries to Africa, and much more. Original leather covers, 5.5" x 8.5", 480 pages.

--7. Extremely rare copy of "The Methodist Magazine", 1798. Printed by Henry Tuckniss, 575 pages. This magnificent volume covers the entire year of 1798 with original sermons, experiences, letters, poetry and other religious pieces, together with instructive and useful extracts from different authors. There are a number of original sermons and letters by John Wesley, an article by Thomas Coke and two comprehensive articles entitled, "A Summary View of the Slave Trade". There is an overview of the deaths of Charles Wesley, Martha Rugar, John Nelson, Simon Miller, Bishop Gardner, Ogburn Carman, and John Dickens. There are interesting letters to and from Bishop Francis Asbury (first Protestant bishop in North America). Many A.M.E. churches bear his name.
-- A little background on Francis Asbury: Asbury preached in every state. In Virginia, he preached often in Loudoun and Fauquier counties and in the Shenandoah Valley and Piedmont regions. He had no home. He relied on the hospitality of others. When Asbury was 26, his ship from England docked at Philadelphia. He wrote in his journal: "When I came near the American shore, my very heart melted within me, to think from whence I came, where I was going, and what I was going about. But I felt my mind open to the people, and my tongue loosed to speak. I feel that God is here." Asbury was one of several itinerant preachers in early America, but what set him apart was his companion, Harry Hosier, a black man, not a servant but an equal. In May 1781 in Fairfax County, Asbury preached, followed by Hosier. Asbury wrote of the service in his journal: "This circumstance was new, and the white people looked on with attention." Hosier's presence might account for some African American Methodist churches taking the name Asbury, but there was another reason. In 1783 -- the year the Colonies received their liberty from England -- Asbury, in Petersburg, Va., wrote that he and other ministers 'all agreed in the spirit of African liberty.' At times Asbury would leave his host if he saw a black person being mistreated or ask an inhospitable person whether he could stay in the "Negro quarter." The word "slave" was not in Asbury's vocabulary. Just before Christmas in 1797, he wrote, "We should not wondering ask, Where did this or that nation of people come from? either [American] Indians or Africans." Asbury's work took him far afield. He crossed the Allegheny mountains sixty times, often through trackless underbrush. No house provided shelter at night. His rheumatism, worsened by repeated drenchings and cold winds, left his feet grotesquely swollen; someone lifted him onto his horse, his dangling feet unable to get through the stirrups.

Maria Fearing  Althea Edmiston

Incapacitated as well by asthma and pleurisy in the last two years of his life Francis Asbury had to be carried like a child everywhere. When urged to give up traveling he replied that "Come" had always been the operative word he used with younger preachers, never "Go." (some of this background information is from an article by Eugene Scheel, Washington Post) <-- 8. Presbyterian missionaries from the US to the Belgian Congo in Africa at the turn of the last century. Maria Fearing is documented as a leader of the Luebo Station home for girls around 1910, and Althea Brown Edmiston was in service about 20 years later. About this time over half of the Presbyterian missionaries to the Congo were African American and were involved in caring for native Africans who had been oppressed by the rubber trade.

He had rifles smuggled through the Sudan and Massawa, both under hostile Ottoman rule, obliged Protestant missionaries to cast cannon for him, and built roads for his artillery. He also sought to develop relations with Europe, to exchange embassies with foreign powers, and to import gunsmiths and other craftsmen. He accordingly wrote to Queen Victoria, but his letter remained unanswered, so he decided to force the British government to listen by arresting the British envoy and other Europeans, the provoking the British government in 1867 into sending an expedition against him. The British advanced rapidly against his mountain fortress of Magdala. Tewodros, unable to repulse the invaders, killed himself on 13 April 1868. Produced by Eugen Lulves of Hanover, identified verso by a backplate.

-- 11. First Edition copy of the 1858 book, Day Dawn in Africa or Progress of the Protestant Episcopal Mission of Cape Palmas, West Africa by Mrs. Anna M. Scott, New York, 1858. Published by the Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge, Astor Place, NY. 312 pages, illustrated.

--12. The African Repository and Colonial Journal: In March 1825, the American Colonization Society began a quarterly, The African Repository and Colonial Journal, edited by Ralph Randolph Gurley (1797-1872), who headed the Society until 1844. Conceived as the society's organ, the journal promoted both colonization and Liberia. Among the items printed were articles about Africa, letters of praise, official dispatches stressing the prosperity and steady growth of the colony, information about emigrants, and lists of donors. This collection has three issues (February, March and April, 1838) -- An example of the information in these journals, "The state of morals in the colonies is emphatically of a high order. Sabbath-breaking, drunkenness, profanity, and quarrelling are vices almost unknown in Liberia. A temperance society formed in 1834 numbered in a few weeks after its organization 500 members, at the time more than one-fifth of the whole population...There are eighteen churches on Liberia, viz: at Monrovia 4, New Georgia 2, Caldwell 2, Millsburgh 2, Edina 2, Bassa Cove 3, Marshall 1, Cape Palmas 2. Of these, 8 are Baptist, 6 Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, and 1 Episcopalian...Seven hundred of the colonists, or one-fifth of the whole population, are professed Christians, in good standing with the churches with which they are connected. As might be expected, where so large a proportion of the people is pious, the general tone of society is religious...A monthly newspaper is published in Monrovia. The articles in this paper afford good testimony of the general intelligence of the people, and reflect great credit upon the talented editor, a colored man."

--13. Aggrey of Africa, a book published in 1929 by the Student Christian Movement. An account of the life and work of Christian educationalist, Dr. James E K  Aggrey (1875-1927). Born at Ahamabu, Gold Coast (now Ghana). At age 8, James entered the Wesleyan Methodist school at Cape Coast. Exceptional teachers quickly recognized their exceptional student. He reveled in the books and the accoutrements of learning. He feasted on knowledge. Every day at school was an adventure. Every day away was a torment of waiting in anticipation of more worldly revelations. It was apparent to all, including James’ mother and father, that he was indeed a scholar with a penchant for learning that far outstripped the modest teaching institutions found in the Gold Coast at the close of the 19^th century. Latin and Greek beckoned, formal English and French called to him, mathematics and the sciences tantalized him and frustration enveloped him. Finally, in early 1898 "opportunity knocked" for James Aggrey. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Bishop John Bryan Small of Barbados, visited the Gold Coast seeking educationally qualified young men to go to America for training, men who would ultimately return to the Gold coast in missionary service. On 10 July, 1898, James Aggrey set sail on the S. S. Accra for England and thence on to America. Aggrey settled in Salisbury, North Carolina, to attend Livingstone College, an institution sponsored by the African Methodist Episcopalian Zion Church, where he graduated with a B.A. 1902. He excelled in the classics. Plato, Cicero, Virgil, Homer and others became his intellectual friends. He excelled at debate. The writings of Demosthenes and Herodotus were consumed for relaxation and fun. Astronomy, logic, chemistry, physics and comparative literature were consumed as soon as they were offered. Then on to Aeschylus and Tacitus, philosophy, comparative religions, economics and political science. Aggrey never met a subject or book that he did not enjoy!

   In May 1927 he went on leave, intending to write the dissertation needed to complete the Ph.D., but died suddenly in New York in July of that year. His life has been used as an example to African schoolchildren of what they can achieve through education, and of the necessity for cooperation between the races. Some "Aggreyisms": "I am proud of my color; whoever is not proud of his color is not fit to live." and "Laughing is the way to go through life. It is the positive side of Christ's law of non -resistance." The book is in good condition, the dust jacket has light soiling as shown and a few small tears to the top of the dust jacket. Nine illustrations.
-- Also we have a copy of Dr. Aggrey's  book translated into the Thai language, which gives a sense of how far his influence reached.

--14. The Life and Work of Jacob Kenoly, published in 1912 by the Methodist Book Concern of Cincinnati, Ohio -- with 10 full-page photos. The 160-page volume was written by C. C. Smith and was printed for the author. Here is the inspiring story of African American Jacob Kenoly, a son of slaves who through a meager education became a preacher and did missionary work in Liberia. From the Introduction: "The study the writer has made of the letters and records of Jacob Kenoly placed in his hands to aid him in the preparation of this sketch, has blessed his life. He gives the story to others hoping it will bless them as it has blessed him!"
Chapter highlights include: Early Life, School Days at the Southern Christian Institute, Leaving the Institute and Landing at Monrovia, Liberia, Locating at Schieffelin, First Building Erected and Incidents Connected with the Growth of the Work, Jacob Kenoly's Vision for Liberia, Closing Days and Death, Characteristics, etc...

--15. Ticket For The National Ministers' Wives Association (NMWA), Richmond, Virginia, February 25, 1943. Patron ticket to performance of "Heaven Bound" a religious drama given at Second Baptist Church. Sponsored by Group No. 2 of the NMWA. Nice African American regional item documenting the work of the international alliance of minister's wives and widows founded by Elizabeth Coles Bouey in Richmond (1941). The group's aim was Christian fellowship and the sponsorship of missionary work in Africa. "Heaven Bound" was first performed in Atlanta's Big Bethel AME Church in 1930. Fair to good, printed on card stock, soiled and rubbed edges...

BACKGROUND: Elizabeth Coles Bouey was a member of many interdenominational and inter-racial. She was a missionary, teacher, organizer, speaker, mother, wife and friend who influenced the lives of countless women and children. Her friends were a legion. The rich, the poor, the high and the low all loved her alike. The story of Mrs. Bouey's career goes back to June 15, 1911, the special night of her graduation, as valedictorian of her class, from the Armstrong High School in Richmond, Virginia, when Elizabeth Coles announced her plan to be a missionary. She made this early decision because her parents were missionaries to Africa. She was born in West Africa and brought to America for education. Early in life she heard about the many people in Africa who did not have the opportunity to learn about Jesus and the message he came to bring. She loved to hear her mother tell of her experiences in that far away land and she dreamed of the day when she could return to Africa to help carry on the work. After high school graduation, Elizabeth studied at the Armstrong Normal School and prepared to teach. Later she enrolled as the only female student in the Theological Seminary of Virginia Union University. Edward H. Bouey, a product of Morehouse College, was also the son of missionary parents who had served in Africa. He had dedicated himself to mission work and desired to go to Africa for work as soon as he could find a wife with similar desires. He corresponded with, and soon met, Elizabeth. It seems that their marriage was "made in heaven", for he proposed to her upon their first meeting. On his third visit to Richmond they were married at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, April 28, 1920, and very soon thereafter set sail for Liberia, West Africa, as Independent Missionaries. They had ambitious plans to re-establish the Bendoo Industrial Mission Station, a place where the parents of the couple had many years before carried on the work of the Lord. The efforts of Rev. and Mrs. Bouey at the mission were wonderfully blessed as boys and girls from many tribes were brought to the station for Christian Education. Support was generously given the young couple by family and friends in America, who twice a month sent boxes of needed supplies from the Coles' home in Richmond which served as headquarters. For nearly five years, Rev. and Mrs. Bouey worked at the Bendoo Industrial Mission. Two of their children were born there, and they adopted a boy of the Golah Tribe who was a promising student at the mission. The Boueys returned to America for a short furlough and then went back to Africa to work under the Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention. This time they built the Carrie Dyer Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia and in many other ways strengthened the program of missions in the country. It has been reported that the Boueys are still remembered in Africa through the work of their children. One daughter, Elizabeth, works with the N.E.A. in the program of Educational Assistance and the U.S. State Department in West Africa. The two sons have become citizens and are employed in Liberia. Her work for the ministers' wives began in the fall of 1940, when, guided by the hand of God, Elizabeth Coles Bouey issued a call to ministers' wives and ministers' widows for the purpose of uniting unto one Christian fellowship, ministers' wives and ministers' widows of the various religious denominations for greater and more effective service in kingdom building. Under Mrs. Bouey's seventeen year term as President, much was accomplished. Ministers' wives from more than thirty states, the District of Columbia, West Africa and eight denominations became affiliated. Mrs. Bouey traveled extensively. Her work and interest took her to African and European countries. She was honored in Copenhagen at a Christian World Assembly and participated in many meetings of the Baptist World Alliance. After many months of illness, Mrs. Bouey passed away on February 5, 1957. Her body lay for several days in the Prayer Room of her home, a room in which she had met God many times. Death to her was a joyous home-going and she wanted all of her friends to rejoice, that she had now entered a richer, more beautiful life. The remains of our Founder, and those of her husband, now lie side by side in Woodland Cemetery on a hill overlooking the city of Richmond, Virginia.

-- 17. 1st Edition copy of Sons of Africa by G.A. Collack, published by the Student Christian Movement, 1928 . Biographical sketches on: Osai Tutu Kwamina, Bishop Crowther, Tshaka the Zulu, Moshesh, Khama, Sir Apolo Kwaga, J.E. Kwegyir Aggrey, and shorter sketches on more.  Last chapter on women and mothers in Africa - a rare look at women in 1920's Africa. Hardcover with dustjacket, 247 pages. Vintage book, 5.25'' x 7.75''.  Map endpapers. One look at the map names is an amazing reminder of the how things have changed from a geo-political perspective.

-- 18. A rare example of early printing, a leaf from St. Augustine's Opuscula printed in Strassburg in 1491 by Martin Flach. "de Doctrina Christiana" (On Christian Doctrine, written in 397) by Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, North Africa (AD 354-430). This page is listed as number 1950 in Hain, and as number A1221 in Goff, Incunabula in American Libraries. The literal meaning of the Latin word incunabulum is "infant’s cradle" and alludes to the fact that printing at that time was in its infancy. The fact that a book was printed before 1500 is significant in that its value is much greater than if it had been printed in 1501 or later. On handmade paper, this page is in good condition with minor traces of aging, soiling or spotting, edge flaws, etc.
BACKGROUND: Augustine was born at Thagaste (modern Souk-Ahras, Algeria, North Africa), a small town in the Roman province of Numidia. He received a classical education that both schooled him in Latin literature and enabled him to escape from his provincial upbringing. Trained at Carthage in rhetoric (public oratory), which was a requisite for a legal or political career in the Roman empire. Augustine's African homeland had been part of Rome's empire since the destruction of Carthage five hundred years before his birth. Carthage had been rebuilt by Rome as the metropolis of Roman Africa, wealthy once again but posing no threat. The language of business and culture throughout Roman Africa was Latin. Careers for the ambitious, as we shall see, led out of provincial Africa into the wider Mediterranean world; on the other hand, wealthy Italian senators maintained vast estates in Africa which they rarely saw. The dominant religion of Africa became Christianity -- a religion that violently opposed the traditions of old Rome but that could not have spread as it did without the prosperity and unity that Rome had brought to the ancient world. Roman Africa was a military backwater. The legions that were kept there to maintain order and guard against raids by desert nomads were themselves the gravest threat to peace; but their occasional rebellions were for the most part short-lived and inconsequential. The only emperors who ever spent much time in Africa were the ones who had been born there; by Augustine's time, decades had passed without an emperor even thinking of going to Africa. Some distinctly African character continued to mark life in the province. Some non-Latin speech, either the aboriginal Berber of the desert or the derelict Punic the Carthaginians had spoken, continued to be heard in dark corners. In some of the same corners, old local pagan cults could still be found. Augustine became a teacher of rhetoric in Carthage, in Rome, and finally in Milan, a seat of imperial government at the time. At Milan, in 386, Augustine underwent religious conversion. He retired from his public position, received baptism from Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, and soon returned to North Africa. In 391, he was ordained to the priesthood in Hippo Regius (modern Bone, Algeria); five years later he became bishop. When Augustine became a Christian clergyman, he found Africa rent by an ecclesiastical schism that had its roots at least partly in the truculent sense of difference maintained by the less-Romanized provincials of up-country Numidia, near the northern fringes of the Sahara.
-- Tertullian, a lay theologian from Carthage, North Africa, was perhaps the most important theologian in the Western Church at the end of the second century.
-- Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, North Africa, was a notable theologian and administrator. His theological focus was on the nature of the church as an institution. As such, he represents an important step in the maturing of the Church. As a disciple of Tertullian, Cyprian preached a rigorous Christianity.

-- 19. 1872 soft cover edition of  " Jubilee Songs: As Sung By The Jubilee Singers of Fisk University ( Nashville, Tennessee) Under the Auspices of the American Missionary Association." There is a 2 page preface in this book that was penned by Theodore F Seward, of Orange, New Jersey. Mr. Seward basically discusses the Jubilee Singers in his own words of course. This collection also has four First Edition copies of the hard cover book about the Jubilee Singers.

-- 20. Extremely rare First Edition 1622 copy of "De Suburbicariis Regionibus et Ecclesiis" (The Geographic and Ecclesiastic Suburbicarian Dioceses) by Jacques Sirmond. An intriguing book disputing the power of the Pope in Rome; published at Paris by Sebastien Cramoisy in MDCXXII. The term suburbicarius is taken from Roman public law, the expression regiones or provinciae suburbicariae meaning the districts adjacent to Rome. The present book related to suburbicary churches under the jurisdiction of the Roman pontiff impugned the opinion of Godefroy and Saumaise, to whom this book is directly addressed. The text, in an easily readable Latin, contains some erudite and unusual pieces of information about the extent of the Papal power on Rome, and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. For instance, the second chapter of the second book, dedicated to the chiefs and the ecclesiastic personalities of the Church of Constantinople, is particularly interesting. Another chapter discusses the Early African Church, which is very intriguing. The book is whole vellum bound, 17.5 x 11 cm, 7  x 4 1/2 inches, 310 pages + index.

BACKGROUND: Jacques Sirmond (1559-1651) is one of the greatest scholars of the seventeenth century. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1576 and was appointed in 1581 professor of classical languages in Paris, where he numbered St. Francis de Sales among his pupils. Called to Rome in 1590, he was for sixteen years private secretary to the Jesuit superior general, Aquaviva, devoting his leisure moments during the same period to the study of the literary and historical treasures of antiquity. He entertained intimate relations with several learned men then present at Rome, among them Bellarmine and particularly Baronius, whom he was helpful in the composition of the "Annales". In 1608 he returned to Paris, and in 1637 became confessor to King Louis XIII. His first literary production appeared in 1610, and from that date until the end of this life almost every year witnessed the publication of some new work. The results of his literary labors are chiefly represented by editions of Greek and Latin Christian writings.

<-- 21. One inch silver medal. The front shows the image of Bishop J.B. Small and shows dates 1899-1924. The outer edge reads - Gold Coast W. Africa - Don't Let My African Work Fail. The back reads - Contributor to AM.E. Zion, W.H. & F.M.S. $25,000 Fund. Also along the bottom edge is Whitehead & Hoag. Overall condition is fine. The elderly man we obtained this from told us his uncle was a salesman for the Whitehead & Hoag Company, of Newark, New Jersey. -- 22. Homer Laughlin 10 inch plate features 6 women from the African Methodist Episcopal Church. All six were members of The Women’s Missionary Society. They have been pictured on this plate. Lucy M. Hughes, Christine S. Smith, Anne E. Heath, Mary E. Frissell, Wilhelmina Lawrence and Delores L. Kenney Williams. The plate is trimmed in gold and is in great condition. From the clothing and hair these women looked to be involved in this society from the 1940s thru the 1960s.

-- 23. A rare 1905 First edition book, Daybreak in the Dark Continent, by Wilson S. Naylor, Beach Professor of Biblical Literature, Lawrence University, 315 pages. A book written about Christian missions to Africa, subtitled, "Forward Missions Study Courses."  It includes photos, illustrations and maps -- including photos of Bishop Samuel A. Crowther, King Khama and Paul (from Congo). Published by Women's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest, it was prepared for young people "under the auspices of the Young People's Missionary Movement", which began circa 1901. Here is a personal word from the author: "The chief characteristic of the viewpoint of these pages is man:  Man as he is found in Africa.  Everything that does not have a definite and vital relation to the present-day African is subordinated or eliminated.  Further, consideration of the African is centered upon his religious life; what that life is before Christianity affects it; what it is and may become under the influence of Christianity.  It is religious Africa in the broadest sense that is the perspective of this little volume."
    Appendix A is an extremely interesting chronology of African History, starting with the First Egyptian Dynasty. It mentions that "Christianity was probably introduced into Africa by visitors at Pentecost in 30 A.D." It goes on to mention that from 150 A.D to 400 A.D there was "the founding of the Christian College, or Missionary Training School, at Alexandria; Pantaenus, Origen, Clement, successive principles. Christianity flourished in North Africa. At various times Roman persecutions of African Christians. Period of African leadership in early Christian church: Tertullian, Cyprian, Athanasius, Arnobius, Augustine and others. Introduction of Christianity into Abyssinia and other sections to the south of Egypt and the Mediterranean coast lands." It goes on to say that in 522 there was the "extension of Abyssinian rule over sections of southern Arabia for purpose of protecting Christians against Jewish persecutions. Continued for 40 years." It goes on to recount the Moslem conquest of Egypt and North Africa (640-1000), era of European awakening to missionary endeavor (1100 - 1300), Prince Henry traveling throughout the West Coast of Africa, the Congo River, and the Cape of Good Hope (1394-1540), Vasco da Gama and more...

-- 24. 1805 Volume of Evangelical Magazine (January - December), with 1805 coversheet -- London:  Printed for T Williams and Co. Interesting insights into African missionary outreach.

-- 25. October, 1918 -- The Young Christian Worker "Monthly Magazine for Boys and Girls" (published by the Woman's Missionary Council of the M.E. Church, South, Nashville. 7" x 10". Editor: Sara Estelle Haskin) -- A 16-page missionary magazine illustrated with many photographs. This issue includes many photos of African-Americans. Articles include: A Builder of Happiness by L.H. Hammond - Hampton Institute - about Mrs. Barrett; Writing Poetry while Running an Elevator - about Paul Laurence Dunbar -- by Dr. Isaac Fisher; An American's Pictures in France by Minerva Hunter - about artist Henry O. Tanner; How Would You Like to Be a Poet? by M'Henry Cyr - about Phillis Wheatley; and The Colored Soldier by Rev. W.C. Ellington.
Some of the photos include, with captions: "Young African-American women at the Bethlehem House"; "African-Americans learning gardening at Paine College in Georgia"; "Young Men of the Negro Race learning to become doctors"; and "Young Women learning to teach at a Practice School"

-- 26. The American Missionary Magazine. The anti-slavery magazine in its entirety: 1846--1934, complete! It consists of 15 rolls of microfilm. This is a rare find. The rolls were created in 1974...quite fresh, in relative terms. In fact, the rolls are in great condition. This is an excellent research tool.
BACKGROUND: The American Missionary Association was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846. The main purpose of this organization was to eliminate slavery, to educate African Americans, to promote racial equality, and to promote Christian values. Although it initially had the support of numerous Protestant groups, eventually it became most closely aligned with the Congregational Churches (now the United Church of Christ). It maintained its distinct identity until 1999, when a restructuring of the UCC merged it into the Justice and Witness Ministries division. The organization started the American Missionary magazine, which published from 1846 through 1934.
-- Ad Blotter for the American Missionary Association, 1931. in bold letter: "A Crusade of Brotherhood." It then goes on to state, "Churches among Negroes, Indians and Puerto Ricans are aided by the Association with the goal of self-support kept before the pastor and people to maintain the self-respect of each group and to develop leadership..."

-- 28. A 1858 bound volume of 45 issues of THE MORAVIAN, a weekly journal of the American Moravian Church -- running from January 8, 1858 to December 31, 1858, Phila:1858. The issues contain news of the Church, spiritual thoughts, missionary work including their work in enabling freed slave to go to Liberia and found a colony, and news of members. This is a collection of journals important in the history of the Moravian Church and its activities in the mid 19th century. Folio, 14 inch spine, 424pp.

-- 29. An antique framed engraving. It is of a membership certification to the Troy Conference Missionary Society, an auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.  It is dated June 21st 1852. Signed by Edmund S. Jones (local pastor of State Street Church in Troy, 1852), President and Stephen. D. Brown (entered Troy Conference in 1837, transferred to the NY Conference in 1865, died in 1875), Secretary. The print depicts a trumpeting angel hovering above a congregation of African American slaves and Native Americans. The annual Troy Conference event (7 days) was held that year in Plattsburgh, NY. This life membership certificate is for Mrs. Sophia Jones, stating that she paid ten dollars. The top of the certificate shows some white spotting. The top left corner is clipped and there is a 1 x 4 inch water stain at the bottom. Measures 19 1/2 x 23 1/2 inches. Very nice antique frame is probably original to the piece. Some pastors of the Troy Conference were noted abolitionists (Don Papson and Andrew Witherspoon). George S. Brown (1801-1880) was an African American missionary to Liberia six times. A part of the Troy Conference, he founded Sandford's Ridge UM Church and was a much-sought-after stone mason in the region.

-- 31.  The Story of Baptist Missions in Foreign Lands: From the Time of Carey to the Present Date (1885) by Rev. G. Winfred Hervey, M.A. With an Introduction By Rev. A.H. Burlingham, D. D. St. Louis: Chancy R. Barns. Contents include: William Carey and the Mission in Hindustan; Planting the Acorn; The Growth of Carey's Mission; Debates and Victories; Vicissitudes of Missionary Life; The Work in England; William Ward and the Printing House at Serampore; Brahma and the Religion of Hindustan; Hindu Castes and Customs; Strange Gods and Their Worship; Adoniram Judson in the Palace and in the Prison; Bruised But Not Forsaken; The Release of Judson and His Subsequent Career; The Last Days of a Life of Sacrifices; Luther Rice and His Services at Home and Abroad; The Baptist Triennial Convention; Lott Carey and the African Mission; The Climate, Scenery and the Productions of India; The Adventures of Rev. John Chamberlain; The Re. Dr. Marshman of Serampore; Sir Henry Havelock, The Christian Soldier; Boardman, The Founder of the Karen Mission; Mrs. Ann Hasseltine Judson; Mrs. Sarah Boardman Judson; Mrs. Emily C. Judson; Eugenio Kincaid, The Burman Evangelist; The Rev. Grovers Comstock and Arracan; Mrs. Sarah Davis Comstock; Mr. Vinton and the Kemmendine Mission; Mrs. Vinton and the Karens; The Karens of The Golden Chersonese; Rev. Dr. Francis Mason; Mrs. H.M.G. Mason; Wade, Binney, Abbott, Beecher and Carpenter; The Two Karen Apostles; The Rev. Howard Malcolm, D.D. LL.D.; Jones and Dean of Siam; Mission in Siam and Shanland; The Religions of China; Mission in China; Japan, It's Religions and Missions; British Missions in Hindustan, Ceylon and Orissa; The Religions of Africa; Skinner, Crocker and Bowen, of the African Mission; Missions of the British Baptists in the West Indies; The Assam and Telugu Missions. The American Baptist and Free Mission Society; Missions in France, Brittany; and Germany; Missions in Denmark, Norway and Sweden; Missions in Greece Italy and Spain; Women's Foreign Mission Societies; Final Inquiries and Cautions; Appendix; Index. This book has 884 pages and is Illustrated and Indexed.

-- 32. An in-depth look at ONE HUNDRED YEARS of CANADIAN METHODIST MISSIONS from 1824 to 1924.  The book was written just as the Methodist Church was about to unite and become the United Church of Canada.  This book is VOLUME 1 a rare find....not only in VERY GOOD CONDITION, but also a SIGNED 1ST EDITION.  Written by Mrs. Frederick C. Stephenson whose husband  was Secretary of the Missionary Society's Young People's Forward Movement for Missions. There is an INSCRIPTION on the front endpaper "The Reverend Oliver B. Strapp With Kind Regards from Fred C. and Anne D. Stephenson, Toronto Oct. 5th, 1925".  The publisher is Ryerson Press, Toronto.  The book is in very good condition measuring 5 1/2" x 8" with 265 clean pages all tight in the binding.  The endpapers are maps showing  where there missions were.....at the front is a map of Canada as much work was done among the Indian Tribes and at the back the endpapers are a map of the world showing missions in India, Africa, China and Japan, Trinidad and South America. The chapters cover the following:  The Japan Mission, The West China Mission, Home Missions, Missions to the French-Canadians, Missions to the Orientals in Canada, Missions to New Canadians, Methodism and Great Missionary Movements. This is a cloth covered Hardcover with light wear at spine ends and corners, faded title on the spine and a tiny puncture in the fabric on the cover. 

-- 33. TITLE: The New-York Missionary Magazine, and Repository of Religious Intelligence, for the year 1802. Vol. III; & A Discourse On Psalmody; In Which It Is Clearly Shewn That It Is The Duty Of Christians To Take The Principal Subjects And Occasions Of Their Psalms, Hymns, And Spiritual Songs, From The Gospel Of Christ. Fourth Edition, With Corrections And Additions.
DESCRIPTION: Bound volume of missionary and church reports, news, & happenings. Letters from Missionaries, Preachers etc. Sermons, doctrinal teachings. The last part is a discourse on the importance and necessity of scriptural psalmody and hymnology in our Worship of God.
AUTHOR: The magazine articles are authored by many various individuals. The Discourse on Psalmody is authored by James Latta, A.M., late minister of the Gospel at Chesnut Level.
PUBLISHER: New York: Cornelius Davis; printed by Vermilye and Crooker; (The Discourse on Psalmody)-Philadelphia: Printed by William W. Woodward, 1801 (first published 1794.) EDITION: 1st for the magazine part, 4th for the Discourse on Psalmody. FORMAT: Leather. SIZE: 5 1/2" W x 8 1/2" H. # of PAGES: 434, 107.
SOME OF THE ARTICLES: Address to Parents on Educating Their Children, Account of the Rev. Samuel Pearce, Antinomianism, Dialogue on Agency of Man's Free Will, Clergyman's Advice to the Villagers, Cowles on Baptism, Fullers Backslider reviewed, Bishop Beilby's Sermon, Reflections on First Day of Creation, Reflections on the 19th Century, Revival of Religion in Cumberland, Character of God, Council of Clergy in France, Hint To Wealthy Christians, Intelligence From China, Dialogues on the Turn of the Present Age, on Importance of Truth, on the connection between Doctrinal, Experimental and Practical Religion, on the Moral Character of God, Dan. 10:13 illustrated, Roman Catholic Religion established in France, Conversion of two Jews, Revival of religion in Kentucky, Millenarians, An Extract an original sermon of Jonathan Edwards,
LETTERS FROM: France, Rev. James Hall, Rev. Moses Hogue, Rev. Mr. Eltinge, Rev. Palmer Tennessee, Rev. Milton Kentucky, Rev. Jackson, Rev. Baxter, Rev. Keith, Rev. William Carey, Mr. Felix Carey, London Missionary Society, Virginia, Col. Patterson, Dr. King, India, Rev. Williams Elberfield, Germany, Switzerland.
REPORTS FROM MISSION SOCIETIES AND ARTICLES: London Missionary Society, Mission to Africa and the East, Edinburgh & Glasgow Missionary Societies, Missionary Society of Berkshire, Burgher Associate Synod, Baptist Mission in Bengal, Edinburgh Missionary Society, New York Missionary Society, Glasgow Missionary Society, Baptist Mission in India, Missionary Society of Connecticut, Mission to the South Seas, Missionaries to Otaheite, Presbyterian Church minutes from General Assembly

-- 34. David Livingstone (1813-1873) letter -- Extremely rare hand written letter (dated 6, July 1865) from David Livingstone and signed by him that gives a human glimpse into the life of a man of supreme commitment to God and to the people of the continent of Africa. The 4-page letter is to a Mr. William Logan (see below) thanking him for a present and relating a story about his great grandfather who was committed to prison for writing to the Minister on behalf of a poor woman, but how God showed his faithfulness! David's mother died on June 18th, 1865. Perhaps this was a letter to a Mr. Logan thanking him for the gift of a book by Janet Hamilton. Was it given at his mother's funeral in June? We don't know, but something stirred the memory of a story his mother loved to tell. It is a long detailed letter with excellent content that gives a glimpse into the heart and mind of David Livingstone other than the ones of him living in the stark and sometimes dangerous conditions in Africa. It is signed in the inside of page 3, where Mr. Livingstone went to finish his letter. This is a very special item! On June 19th David Livingstone had received a telegram, which stated that his mother had died the day before. According to William Blaikie's account (pp 355-356), taken from another letter written by Livingstone, Monday, 19th June -- A telegram came, saying that mother had died the day before. I started at once for Scotland. No change was observed till within an hour and a half of her departure.... Seeing the end was near, sister Agnes said, 'The Saviour has come for you, mother. You can "lippen" yourself to him?' She replied, 'Oh yes.' Little Anna Mary was help up to her. She gave her the last look, and said 'Bonnie wee lassie,' gave a few long inspirations, and all was still, with a look of reverence on her countenance. She had wished William Logan, a good Christian man, to lay her head in the grave, if I were not there. When going away in 1858, she said to me that she would have liked one of her laddies to lay her head in the grave. It so happened that I was there to pay the last tribute to a dear good mother.

-- This letter is from the Russell Aitken collection with provenance material (letter and bill of sale describing the item in 1949). Aitken was an artist (sculptor), expert marksman, big-game hunter and adventure writer whose substantial philanthropy reflected his passions for art and sport (died in 2002, 92 years of age). There is a thin piece of tape to strengthen an inside edge.
-- Ulva, Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Mull. This is the location of the New Moorland parish and the Hamilton jail mentioned in the letter below.

Here is the letter July 6th, 1865 -- 18 days after the death of his mother): "My Dear Mr. Logan, Thank you very much for your present and I assure you that I read Janet Hamilton's book with very great pleasure and I thank her kindly for the kind words she uttered in reference to me. ... tell her that my maternal great grandfather was in New Moorland parish at a time when but few could use their views as she can -- and a poor woman who got but sixpence a month from the parish employed him to write a petition to the minister for more. This incensed his reverence so much that he committed my grand father [Gavin Hunter] to Hamilton Jail. He there imitated King David among the Philistines and feigned madness. A sergeant who had his pick of the prisoners to be drafted as soldiers said to him, "My footman and I don't believe that you are insane but tell me your case and...befriend you" He replied that he had a wife and three children who must starve without his services and was greatly distressed in mind on their account. The sergeant gave him  three shillings, a larger sum than he had ever possessed in his life before, for a common labourer...pay at the time was put three pence (Scotts...) per diem. The sergeant then went to his officer and said that one of their recruits was clearly out of his mind and obtained permission to dismiss him. Many a prayer there no doubt ascended on behalf of this soldier...of my great grandfather...all his kindness was returned unto his own bosom by Him who put the kindly feelings unto his heart. I heard this told by my grandfather and lately by my mother. We go off this afternoon. Many thanks for your friendship. For the departed now numbered...all no death for whom we give thanks that they died in the Lord.  David Livingstone"

BACKGROUND: David's mother had a great store of family traditions, and, like the mother of Sir Walter Scott, she retained the power of telling them with the utmost accuracy to a very old age. In one of Livingstone's private journals, written in 1864, during his second visit home, he gives at full length the above-mentioned story, which some future Macaulay may find useful as an illustration of the social conditions of Scotland in the early part of the eighteenth century.
-- The story recounted in the letter above is corroborated by a paragraph in "The Personal Life of David Livingstone, by William G. Blaikie (1880) -- "Mother told me stories of her youth: they seem to come back to her in her eighty-second year very vividly. Her grandfather, Gavin Hunter, could write, while most common people were ignorant of the art. A poor woman got him to write a petition to the minister of Shotts parish to augment her monthly allowance of sixpence, as she could not live on it. He was taken to Hamilton jail for this, and having a wife and three children at home, who without him would certainly starve, he thought of David's feigning madness before the Philistines, and beslabbered his beard with saliva. All who were found guilty were sent to the army in America, or the plantations. A sergeant had compassion on him, and said, 'Tell me, gudeman, if you are really out of your mind. I'll befriend you.' He confessed that he only feigned insanity, because he had a wife and three bairns at home who would starve if he were sent to the army. 'Dinna say onything mair to ony body,' said the kind-hearted sergeant. He then said to the commanding officer, 'They have given us a man clean out of his mind: I can do nothing with the like o' him,' The officer went to him and gave him three shillings, saying, 'Tak' that, gudeman, and gang awa' hame to your wife and weans, 'Ay,' said mother, 'mony a prayer went up for that sergeant, for my grandfather was an unco godly man. He had never had so much money in his life before, for his wages were only threepence a day."
-- Janet Hamilton (mentioned in letter above and was also known by Mr. Logan) was a nineteenth century Scottish poet. She was born as Janet Thomson at Carshill, Shotts parish, Lanarkshire, 12 Oct. 1795, the daughter of a shoemaker. In her childhood the family moved to Hamilton, and then to Langloan, in the parish of Old Monkland, Lanarkshire. Her father at length settled down in business for himself as a shoemaker, and John Hamilton, one of his young workmen, married Janet in 1809. They lived together at Langloan for about sixty years, and had a family of ten children. Having learned to read as a girl, Janet Hamilton in her early years became familiar with the Bible, with Shakespeare and Milton, with many standard histories, biographies, and essays, and with the poems of Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns. Before she was twenty she had written numerous verses on religious themes. but family cares prevented further composition until she was about fifty-four. During her last eighteen years she was blind, and her husband and her daughter Marion read to her. She died on 27 Oct. 1873, having never been ‘more than twenty miles from her dwelling.’ A memorial fountain has been placed nearly opposite her cottage. In the letter above, David could have been referring to either of the following books published by this time:

• Poems and essays of a miscellaneous character on subjects of general interest. 1863 Glasgow
• Poems of purpose and sketches in prose of Scottish peasant life and character in auld lang syne, sketches of local scenes and characters : with a glossary 1865. Glasgow. (This was probably the book that caused David to be reminded of his mother's story...)

-- William Logan (1813-1879 -- recipient of Livingston's letter) Born near Hamilton, the son of a weaver, Logan was greatly affected by seeing a Glasgow missionary die of typhoid. Secular employment having no charms for him, he went to work with sufferers of the disease in London and Leeds. From 1840 to 1842 he was in Rochdale, returning to Glasgow where he attended classes at the university while working as a missionary.  While he was a student at the college he joined the city mission. His district was in the High Street, the physical, social, moral, and spiritual condition of which he found very bad. It taxed all his energies. Besides conducting regular religious services on Saturday evenings, he held a meeting for the members of his Bible-class, at which he taught them music, and gave lectures on chemistry, with experiments, generally closing with practical remarks for their daily guidance. His self-denying work remains to this day. He also spent time in various prisons, studying the causes of crime, before undertaking a second spell of missionary work in northern England. Many a young man and young woman has had cause to bless William Logan. Mr. Logan's literary work was a labor of love. He was the author of the "Moral Statistics of Glasgow;" "Early Heroes of the Temperance Reformation;" but in editing "Words of Comfort for Bereaved Parents" he took especial delight. The first few editions contained about fifty pages; its tenth British edition, 490 pages; its circulation reaching 25,000 copies. An American edition had also an extensive sale. Quiet and unobtrusive in manner, yet with broad sympathies, Mr. Logan was ready to help every good work. While attentive to business, yet, like a true disciple, he was constantly going about doing good; and only to a few was it known how generously he helped and encouraged the struggling poor. His interest in the arts led to his erecting a monument to the memory of David Gray, the Kirkintilloch poet. He was also the constant friend of Janet Hamilton, the poet of Coatbridge. He not only showed her all manner of friendly attentions, but did more perhaps than any one else to bring her into fame, buying her books largely and sending copies to influential critics and literary men who might otherwise have failed to notice them. To him, Janet Hamilton in some measure, owed her recognition.
If any young minister was in trouble through charges of heresy, William Logan was sure to find his way to his side and cheer him with his sympathy. His "Words of Comfort for Parents Bereaved of Little Children" - the idea of which was suggested by the help he obtained from friendly letters when his girl Sophia was taken from him at the age of five years - have gone far and wide into houses of mourning and have been stained by blessed tears they have helped to bring. Mr. Logan was, in his day, one of Scotland's most zealous temperance reformers. His last illness was severe and brief. On 16th September, 1879, he passed into eternity. There were thousands he had never seen who felt that they had lost a friend when his death was announced. His resting-place is in the Glasgow Necropolis. A handsome monument to his memory was erected a few years since.

-- 35. Postcard picture of hundreds of African American students of Wiley College in Marshall, Texas attending a "chapel" meeting. The postcard had been sent from Marshall to a Miss Pruitt in New York on September 12, 1922. Exceptional photograph.

-- 36. An 88-page booklet (1953), Minutes of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Session of the Lott Carey Baptist Foreign Missions Convention of America and the Woman's Auxiliary Lott Carey Laymen's League and the YOUNG PEOPLE'S DEPARTMENT - held with the Enon Baptist Church / Baltimore, Md., Sept. 1-4, 1953 - Dr. A.A. Payne, Pastor. Interesting collectible! It also announces the next convention at Petersburg, Va. at Zion Baptist Church.

-- 37. 1857 edition (sold by subscription only). Heroes And Martyrs Of The Modern Missionary Enterprise -- A Record Of Their Lives And Labors. Including An Historical Review Of Earlier Missions. Edited By Lucius E. Smith. With An Introduction By Rev. William B. Sprague, D.D. "Heroes Of A Christian Age-Companions Of A Celestial Knighthood." Published By O.W. Potter. Illustrated By Tissue Guarded Photogravures Blank On The Reverse. This Is Stated On The Dedication Page In Publishers Ink: To The Living Messengers Of Christ In Foreign Lands, And To Those Who Sympathize With Them In Their Toils And Sacrifices, This Volume, A Brief Record Of The Eminent Dead, Who Have Yielded Up Their Lives, A Sacred Holocaust To The Cause Of Christian Missions Is Respectfully Dedicated. 9-1/4" Tall In Elaborate Gilt Stamped Red Cloth Hardcover. Full Gilt Page Edges.508 Pages.
Contents: Dedication Preface Introduction A View OF Earlier Missionary Enterprises: William Carey, John Chamberlain, Henry Martyn, Gordon Hall, Samuel Newell, Henry Watson Fox, Thomas Coke, Adoniram Judson, George Dana Boardman, Robert Morrison, William Milne, Walter Macon Lowrie, David Abeel, Munson And Lyman, Johannes Theodorus Vanderkemp, Wiliam G. Crocker, Lott Cary (African American), Melville Beveridge Cox, Pliny Fisk, Levi Parsons, Asahel Grant, M.D., John Williams, William Richards, Ard Hoyt, Cyrus Shepard, William Hepburn Hewitson, Grover Smith Comstock, James Richards.

-- 38. Two letters from Africa Inland Mission director (Orson R. Palmer) and signed by him...postmarked March 1 and April 6, 1915 from Philadelphia, PA. The letters are to a Mr. Louis A. Garrison from Bath, NY, who was considering coming to Africa as a missionary. The March 1st letters mention, "we are just now preparing to build a hospital at Kijabe (Kenya) for our missionaries when sick and for the treatment of the natives..."  The April 6th letter states, "We are just getting under way for a hospital at Kijabe, money having been sent to the field a few weeks ago to begin the work."
-- The website of the hospital gives a brief historical overview: "Kijabe Hospital was founded in 1916 and is run by the Africa Inland Church, the largest Protestant denomination in Kenya. A 205-bed facility located an hour north of Nairobi, it has grown to become one of the most respected Kenyan hospitals offering quality, affordable care to poor and non-poor alike. In combination with the A.I.C. - CURE International Children's Hospital of Kenya, next door, the complex draws individuals from a very wide area, including all parts of Kenya, Somalia, and occasionally Sudan and Uganda. A large percentage of patients are traditional Maasai pastoralists. The hospital is staffed by Kenyans and expatriate missionaries from Africa Inland Mission or World Medical Mission. At any time, there may be three or four family practitioners, three general surgeons, an orthopedist, a pathologist, and an internist. In terms of Kenyan healthcare providers, there is one surgeon, four medical interns, six clinical officers (physician assistants), orthopedic and obstetrician/gynecologist trainees, and family practice residency program, and additional trainees from around Africa. The institution is well-equipped for a rural African church hospital serving the poor. Facilities include: modern operating theatres, endoscopy, wall oxygen, reliable generator back-up, intensive care with ventilatory support, radiography, ultrasound, pathology, chemistry and hematology analyzers, microbiology, longitudinal medical records, a well-stocked pharmacy with computerized inventory, and internet access. The institution faces many challenges. AIDS and tuberculosis are rampant. Trauma from dangerous working conditions and roads is prevalent. Most Kenyan women lack access to quality pre-natal care, leading to often disastrous outcomes. Poor sanitation contributes to typhoid fever. Kijabe Hospital endeavors to provide quality care--not just any care--to an impoverished East African population. Because such care is expensive, many patients are unable to pay, forcing the hospital to absorb a large amount of debt. (No patient in need of urgent care is turned away.) These financial pressures make it difficult to expand infrastructure and hire Kenyan medical staff. Patients often cede the title to family land as surety. Kijabe could solve its financial problems by seizing and selling this land, but such an act is not consistent with its Christian mission and values. Kijabe Hospital and its staff strive to make known the love of God for the world shown in the gift of His son Jesus Christ. Chapel and staff prayer form an integral part of the pattern of life at Kijabe. Christian social and personal values are expected and upheld. Patients and their families are prayed for and with. Those who wish to join the Christian faith are welcomed."
-- Nursing pin from Kijabe Hospital.

-- 39. Extremely rare First Edition 1888 copy of, "Der Sclavenhandel in Afrika und seine Greuel, beleuchtet nach den Vorträgen des Cardinals Lavignerie und Berichten von Missionaren und Forschern." by Walter Helmes. (German translation of title : The Slave Trade in Africa and its atrocities, enlightened by the lectures of the Cardinal Lavignerie and reports of missionaries and researchers). Writings of the Abolitionist movement at the end of the 19th century, based on the lectures of Cardinal Lavigerie, accounts of missionaries and explorers. 8vo. 8.6 x 5.8 inches. 60 pp., 2 leaves uncut. With frontispiece portrait of Cardinal Lavigerie. Original printed boards binding.
-- D'ANNAM Louis . Le Grand Apotre De l'Afrique Au Dix-Neuvieme Siecle Ou Vie De Son Em. Le Cardinal Lavigerie . (Text in French -- French translation of title: The Great Apostle of Africa in the Nineteenth Century Life Or His Eminence. The Cardinal Lavigerie) Librairie Generale Catholique et Classique, Lyon, 1899. First edition. Book measures: 8"X5". 269 pages. Including a nice frontis portrait . A scarce title with chapters on Libanon, Algerie, Turkey, Kabylie, Ouganda, Tunisia, Slavery and more. Very rare book.
BACKGROUND: Charles Martial Allemand Lavigerie (31 October 1825–26 November 1892) was a French cardinal archbishop of Carthage and Algiers and primate of Africa. He was born at Bayonne, and was educated at St Sulpice, Paris. He was ordained priest in 1849, and was professor of ecclesiastical history at the Sorbonne from 1854 to 1856. In 1856 he accepted the direction of the schools of the East, and was thus for the first time brought into contact with the Islamic world. Cest lit, he wrote, que J'ai connu enfin ma vocation. Activity in missionary work, especially in alleviating the distresses of the victims of the Druzes, soon brought him prominently into notice; he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in October 1861, shortly after his return to Europe, was appointed French auditor at Rome. Two years later he was raised to the see of Nancy, where he remained for four years, during which the diocese became one of the best administered in France. While bishop of Nancy he met Marshal MacMahon, then governor-general of Algeria, who in 1866 offered him the see of Algiers, just raised to an archbishopric. Lavigerie landed in Africa on the 11th of May 1868, when the great famine was already making itself felt, and he began in November to collect the orphans into villages. The later years of his life were spent in ardent anti-slavery efforts, and his eloquence moved large audiences in London, as well as in Paris, Brussels and other parts of the continent. He hoped, by organizing a fraternity of armed laymen as pioneers, to restore fertility to the Sahara; but this community did not succeed, and was dissolved before his death. In 1890 Lavigerie appeared in the new character of a politician, and arranged with Pope Leo XIII to make an attempt to reconcile the Roman Catholic church with the republic. He invited the officers of the Mediterranean squadron to lunch at Algiers, and, practically renouncing his monarchical sympathies, to which he clung as long as the comte de Chambord was alive, expressed his support of the republic, and emphasized it by having the Marseillaise played by a band of his Pres Blancs. The further steps in this evolution emanated from the pope, and Lavigerie, whose health now began to fail, receded comparatively into the background. He died at Algiers on the 26th of November 1892.
-- a 5 1/2 inch by 4 inch tall Metal Plaque. It says across the top Souvenir De Carthage. There is a statue in the middle of the plaque. On the base of it, it says AU Cardinal Lavigerie LA Tunisie then on the bottom is says Statue DU Cardinal Lavigerie.  It is a goldtoned item and nonmagnetic.  It has buildings around in the background of the statue.  In good condition. it has a couple scrape marks on the back and it looks to be silver and a couple of marks on the front that also looks silver from maybe corrosion.

-- 40. The Methodist Magazine for the Year 1813. Being a Continuation of the Arminian Magazine first published by the Rev. John Wesley. A.M. Published in London in 1814, this 960-page hardbound book contains much early material that helped shape the Methodist religion.  It also contains: Numerous articles, reports and church actions that denounce the Roman Catholic religion and “popery.” One of the most dramatic and descriptive reports about African slave trading that you will ever read -- An eyewitness report on the selling of “African negroes.” The terror and emotional trauma suffered by slaves in these auctions is minutely describe. The slaves are forced to remove their clothes and suffer intimate examinations in public—among many shameful actions. Full text of a historic letter from John Fox to Queen Elizabeth. Methodist missionary reports from around the world—including a tale of missionaries shipwrecked. Essays on “The Works of God,” using as examples the rainbow, fish, spring and summer, the humming bird, rattle snakes and more. Analysis of many writings by Jacobus Arminus, the Dutch theologian whose doctrine heavily influenced John Wesley and the birth of the Methodist denomination. A remarkable letter from a Methodist preacher in Philadelphia who reports about a sudden, melodramatic revival of religion in Rhode Island and other New England states—a revival that had women fainting and men crying out for salvation! But the two most historically important themes in this book are the publication of the full religious freedom act of 1812 by British Parliament, and the numerous essays and articles about the bitter struggle against Roman Catholicism.

-- 41. The Missionary Herald Vol.LXXVII, #1, January, 1882, 1st edition, soft cover, 48,8 pages, b&w drawings. Contents: Editorial paragraphs-The new church at Imabari, Japan. Missionaries o the A.B.C.F.M, Decmber, 188. What becomes of the money? A very interesting article on "The Position of Islam." The results of American Mission in Turkey. Khowaja Meekha, of Mosul. The outlook of the times in reference to the progress of Christianity. Letters from the missions: Mandura, North China, Japan, Micronesia, West Central Africa, Spain, eastern Turkey. Notes from the wide field: Polynesia, China, India, Africa, The Bramo-Somaj. Changes wrought by the gospel in the Fiji Islands.

-- 42. An extremely rare first edition book (1730), "An Historical Account of the Incorporated  Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Containing their Foundation, Proceedings, and the Success of their Missionaries in the British Colonies, to the Year 1728," by David Humphreys. Issued London, 1730 by Joseph Downing. pp. 356, retaining blank endpapers. Period full leather binding, raised bands, gilt devices in compartments. Fascinating, unique and very rare early 18th century survey of religion on the British colonies. Includes chapters regarding South Carolina, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,  New York, New Jersey, New England, "the Negroe Slaves", the Iroquois Indians, etc. Includes ornate engraved head & tail pieces scattered throughout. In Good+, mostly clean condition. Boards detached, crudely repaired with binding tape, boards rubbed and scuffed, leather dried and cracked in spots, some light scattered foxing & soiling throughout the text block. Otherwise internally and overall the volume remains tight, sound and fairly well-preserved. De-accessioned from an institution with bookplate, perforated stamp to title page. Measures 5" W x 8" H. A rare early 18th century book directly discussing the inhabitants of the east coast of America at this early date.
BACKGROUND: The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) was founded by royal charter in 1701, the oldest and indeed the only mission agency formally established by the Church of England, approved by Convocation, approved and supported by Parliament, its charter giving all diocesan bishops ex officio membership and requiring that it report itself annually to the lord chancellor. While the archbishop of Canterbury and the English, Irish, and Welsh bishops have been closely involved in the society's work through most of its first three centuries, the guiding personality in its foundation was Thomas Bray, a parish priest and the bishop of London's commissary for Maryland. Two years previously, in 1699, he was instrumental in setting up a less formally constituted Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), largely concerned with providing education, books, and libraries for English and American parishes. SPG's concern was with recruiting and sending missionaries, clergy, and schoolteachers, and with the associated funding. A problem relating particularly to the eighteenth-century part of the history arises from an evangelical missiography that seems to be obliged to say that nothing of significance happened before William Carey dawned upon the British mission scene at the end of the eighteenth century, and that SPG must therefore have been merely some sort of colonial-church society. Several misconceptions, theological as well as historical, are wrapped up in this notion. Suffice it to say by way of example that the precise records preserved in the SPG missionaries' twice yearly returns, the Notitia parochialis, make it clear that as many nonwhites, Native Americans, and Negro slaves were brought to Christian faith in the early eighteenth century through the SPG's mission to North America as were reported a century later by the many evangelical missions from Britain. At the same time, the work undertaken among the colonists, laying the foundations of the Episcopal Church of the U.S.A., was certainly seen as a missionary endeavor, what we would now call re-evangelization. Hence, the title "Three Centuries of Mission," not "a century building a colonial church followed by two of mission." It is a complex story, both as the domestic context and constitution of the society changed and as missionary ambitions expanded within and beyond British colonial and imperial regions, and later, during and after decolonization. The first historical account was published in 1730, written by the secretary at that time, David Humphreys, and covering the first three decades, in the Caribbean in a small way, but chiefly in North America among native Americans, African slaves, and settlers, and hopeful that the "mighty English Empire ... should be Christian."
-- Interesting, scarce book: "Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G.: An Historical Account of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701-1900 (Based on a Digest of the Society's Records)." By C. F. Pascoe. Published in London by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1901. 1429 indexed pages. Illustrated with a fold-out chart, some b&w photos. Front and interior hinges split, probably re-glued, delicate. Gilt on front cover strong. Fraying at spine ends, cover tips. Library number on spine. Rear exterior hinge starting to split in a couple of spots. Front end papers missing. Older personal library plate on front pastedown. Fold-out chart has protruded on top edge, resulting in some tattering along that edge. One page adjacent to the fold-out partially pulled from binding. 

-- 43. The Jungle Doctor Series: By Paul White

BACKGROUND: Born in 1910 in Australia, Paul White had Africa in his blood for as long as he could remember. His father captured his imagination with stories of his experiences in the Boer War which left an indelible impression. His father died of meningitis in army camp in 1915, and Paul was left an only child at five years of age. But Paul inherited his father's storytelling gift, along with a mischievous sense of humor. He committed his life to Christ as a 16-year old schoolboy and studied medicine as the next step towards missionary work in Africa. Paul and his wife, Mary, left Sydney, with their small son David, for Tanganyika in 1938. He always thought of this as his life's work but Mary's severe illness forced their early return to Sydney in 1941. Their daughter, Rosemary, was born while they were overseas. Within weeks of landing in Sydney, Paul was invited to begin a weekly radio broadcast which spread throughout Australia as the Jungle Doctor Broadcasts. The last of these aired in 1985. The weekly scripts for these programs became the raw material for the Jungle Doctor hospital stories - a set of 20 books. Paul always said he preferred life to be a 'mixed grill', and so it was; writing, working as a Rheumatologist, public speaking, involvement with many Christian organizations, adapting the stories into multiple forms (comic books, audio cassettes, filmstrips, radio and television, and much more). The books in part or whole have been translated into 107 languages! Paul saw that although his plan to work in Africa for life was turned on its head, in God's better planning he was able to reach more people by coming home than by staying in Tanganyika. It was a great joy to meet people over the years who told him they were on their way overseas to work in mission because of his books. Paul's wife, Mary, died after a long illness in 1970. He married Ruth and they had the joy of working together on many new projects. Paul died in 1992 but the stories continue to attract an enthusiastic readership of all ages.

-- 44. Rare single-sided test pressing (10" 78rpm) of the sermon "Scat to the Cat and Suie to the Hog" recorded in 1930 by Rev. J. M. Gates (1885-1941), Master test pressing of Okeh matrix 480014-A, which is a transfer of matrix 403932-B. It was issued on Okeh 8844. Why did the curiously titled "Scat to the Cat and Suie to the Hog" get a limited release? Too much comedy and charm to match Okeh's idea of even a rustic sermon? The main message of the sermon was simply that people ought not to snap, nark, and claw at one another.
BACKGROUND: The Baptist preacher J. M. Gates was one of the most prolifically recorded black artists of the early century, with over 200 sides on wax between the mid-'20s and his death in 1940 (he once recorded 23 titles in a week, at just two sessions). His sermons and musical numbers appeared on a variety of labels (Victor, Bluebird, Okeh, Gennett), though Gates often re-recorded his most popular sermons — "Death's Black Train Is Coming," "Oh Death Where Is Thy Sting," "Goin' to Die with the Staff in My Hands" — for multiple labels. Gates ministered at Atlanta's Calvary Church and first recorded in 1926. Beginning in April, he recorded almost 100 sides by the end of the year. Understandably, his output slowed slightly during the rest of the late '20s, and the advent of the Great Depression resulted in a four-year period off records. He returned in 1934, and recorded about 20 more sides until his death in 1941. Experts estimate that Gates recorded at least a quarter of all the sermons that appeared before 1943. Gates is credited with introducing the gospel music of former blues artist, Thomas A. Dorsey, into the black gospel market via his crusades. His funeral drew the largest crowd of any memorial service in the city before Martin Luther King, Jr.

-- 45. La Solidarieta Israelitica e i Falascia. First Edition published in 1907. [translation of title] Israelite Solidarity and the Falasha. Lecture delivered in the Great Jewish Synagogue in Florence on the First Day of Passover by Dr. Samuel Hirsch Margulies. Firenze (Florence): Galletti e Cassuto, 7 pages. Text is in Italian. Original lecture pamphlet, bound in marbled boards, with handwritten label to spine. Stamp to title and last page, wear to extremities, otherwise in very good condition, internally clean.
BACKGROUND: This historically significant lecture given by the Chief Rabbi of Florence, influential religious figure at the time and foremost supporter of Falasha Jews, marks the beginning of Pro-Falasha committees established by Margulies, under the advocacy of Faitlovitch for the Ethiopian Jewish community. In October 1906, Dr. Jacques Faitlovitch, who was committed to Beta Israel (Falasha) research and relief, went to Italy with the intent to gain support for his campaign. Italian Jews embraced the movement on behalf of the Falashas. With the help and leadership of the Chief Rabbi of Florence, Dr. Samuel Margulies, Faitlovitch established in Florence the first Pro-Falasha Committee. Professor Moise Funzi and Advocate R. Ottolenghi were also original committee members. This is one of the earliest lectures since the formation of the committee, and contains excerpts from Psalms, Exodus, Ruth, etc. The Beta Israel or Falasha is a group formerly living in Ethiopia that has a tradition of descent from the lost tribe of Dan. Tradition states that they are descendants of Solomon and the queen of Sheba, and for centuries they have maintained separated, culturally and physically, from their African neighbors. 'Falasha' is Amharic for "Exiles" or "Strangers," a term used by non-Jewish Ethiopians, though the Jews consider it derogatory. For centuries the Falasha Jews have been treated as outsiders, practicing a form of Judaism that appears to predate much of the Old Testament. They also have a long history of practicing such Jewish traditions as kashrut, Sabbath and Passover and for this reason their Jewishness was accepted by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and the Israeli government in 1975. They emigrated to Israel en masse during the 1980s and 1990s, as Jews, under the Law of Return, though some who claim to be Beta Israel still live in Ethiopia. Their claims were formally accepted by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and are accordingly generally regarded as Jews. Other terms by which the community have been known include Kayla and the Hebrew Habashim, associated with the non-Jewish Habesha people.

-- 46. Much more...

Black Christianity 1619-1895: Christian History Timeline
(see below)

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Dictionary of African Christian Biography
The Dictionary spans twenty centuries of Christian faith on the African continent,
thus counteracting the notion that Christianity in Africa is little more than the
religious accretion of 19th and 20th century European influence.
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                   -- Click here to review more of The Freeman Institute Black History Collection.

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A Philosophy on How to Develop a Global Mission's Perspective
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